There are 22 different amino acids encoded by 63 codons (including UGA and UAG codons for selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, respectively) as several of the amino acids are encoded by more than one codon and hence its corresponding anti-codon. Two or more different tRNAs can bind an amino acid and transfer it to the ribosome. The anti-codon of a tRNA links to the codon of the mRNA and supplies the corresponding amino acid into the protein translation chain. Although mRNA and ribosomes represent the two major parts of the machinery responsible for translation, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are the fundamental units of this translation machinery. mRNA conveys the blueprint information as triplet codons composed of nucleotides and tRNA are able to perceive the cognate codons. The functional apparatus involved in gene translation is highly conserved across the tree of life. This process is commonly known as translation which is a fundamental parameter of living cells. The construction of a protein from a gene is a complex procedure and requires the involvement of transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomes, amino acids, and other molecules. Collectively, all of the genes (including coding and non-coding) presents in a cell represent the genome of an organism. The proteins present in cells are the product of the blueprint prescribed by the genes. The anti-codon table of the plant tRNA will enable us to understand the synonymous codon usage of the plant kingdom and can be very helpful to understand which codon is preferred over other during the translation. The tRNA Sec genes undergone losses more frequently than duplication and we found that tRNA Sec showed anti-codon switch during the course of evolution. The genome of Ipomoea nil, Papaver somniferum, and Zea mays encoded the highest number of anti-codons (isoacceptor) at 59 each whereas the genome of Ostreococcus tauri was found to encode only 18 isoacceptors. Similarly, suppressor tRNA (0.036%) has lowest abundance followed by tRNA Sec (0.066%) and tRNA His (2.109). However, when we compared the anti-codon frequencies according to the tRNA isotypes, we found tRNA Leu (7.808%) has highest abundance followed by tRNA Ser (7.668%) and tRNA Gly (7.523%). We found that CAU anti-codon of tRNA Met has highest (5.039%) whereas GCG anti-codon of tRNA Arg has lowest (0.004%) abundance. Therefore, we analysed the tRNAnome of 128 plant species and reported an anti-codon table of the plant kingdom. However, we did not know about the exact abundance of anti-codons in the genome and whether the frequency of abundance remains same across the plant lineage or not. The anti-codon of tRNA recognizes the codon of the mRNA and deliver the amino acid into the protein translation chain. The tRNAs act as a bridge between the coding mRNA and incoming amino acids during protein translation.

Trna codons